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16philotype

16 philosophical thinking types to sharpen how you think.

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The 16 philosophical thinking types

PPathosKKinesisIIdionEEros

The Unbound Affirmer

Would you be willing to live this life again, over and over, forever?

Catchphrase: Bored? Then just change the whole way you do it.

Nietzsche

The four axes

The four letters of PKIE are answers to four questions. Each question has two possible answers, and the combinations give the 16 types. The Unbound Affirmer answers P, K, I, E.

  1. What convinces you?

    LLogicLogos

    Convinced when the reasoning holds together

    PEmpathyPathos

    Convinced when it feels right

  2. What do you build your thinking on?

    AEssenceArchē

    Thinks from a foundation that does not change

    KChangeKinesis

    Thinks in motion, while things are moving

  3. What matters most to you?

    TWholeTelos

    Rules and purposes that apply to everyone

    IIndividualIdion

    What belongs to one person and one moment, and cannot be replaced

  4. How do you approach something new?

    SSkepticismSkepsis

    Doubts first, accepts after checking

    EOpennessEros

    Gets interested first, accepts it, then goes deeper

About The Unbound Affirmer

The Unbound Affirmer makes living itself the question. Before good and evil, before gain and loss, the basic question is “Is this life worth living?” And they want the answer to be yes. Could they say they would live this life again exactly as it is, with all its pain, boredom and failure? That is their final test.

Nietzsche's “eternal recurrence” was less a theory than a provocation. If this life repeated forever in exactly the same form, could you bear it? Could you not only bear it but rejoice in it? Being able to say yes to that question is the highest achievement for the Unbound Affirmer.

What others notice

  • Strength

    Can honestly say “But it was interesting” about painful experiences or failures. It isn't bravado; they have the strength to affirm the experience itself.

  • Both sides

    Doesn't regret life choices. Can say flatly, “I'd do the same thing again.” But to others they can seem unreflective.

  • Watch out for

    Chooses intensity over endurance. Rather than sticking with one thing, seeks one rich experience after another.

In everyday life

Work
They struggle to simply follow the standards they are given. They look at ready-made values like “promotion,” “salary” and “stability” with a certain coolness. Instead, they pour an unconventional degree of passion into what they feel truly matters. Others may see them as extreme, but to them, “living halfway” is far more frightening.
Relationships
They hate boredom more than anything. They want strong relationships in which both people change each other, rather than shallow, predictable ones. They are not always comfortable to be around, but being with them is never boring. They are like a catalyst that wakes up “a self you have never seen” sleeping inside the other person.
Decisions
Their standard is “can I affirm this with my whole being?” rather than “is it right?” They choose the option that stirs their sense of being alive over the logically optimal one. They sometimes regret it, but they are ready to take on the regret as well. For them, failing to choose out of fear of regret is the fatal mistake.

Biases to watch for

  1. Optimism bias

    “Affirming life” turns into “ignoring pain.”

Read how to counter themPersonal Guide

The two variants of The Unbound Affirmer

Interpreters want to understand the world. Interveners want to change it.

Interpreter
They leave their affirmation of life behind in stories and books. Nietzsche gave it the form of a parable in Thus Spoke Zarathustra.
Intervener
They confront the people around them with their affirmation of life, through how they live and how they express themselves. Kierkegaard broke off an engagement, fought public disputes with the Church, and posed the question through a way of living.

Representative philosophers

One Interpreter and one Intervener.

  • Interpreter

    Friedrich Nietzsche

    “Was that life? Well then! Once more!” (Nietzsche, Thus Spoke Zarathustra)

  • Intervener

    Søren Kierkegaard

    “Despair is the sickness unto death.” (Kierkegaard, The Sickness unto Death)

Philosophers of the same type

  • Gilles Deleuze
  • Diogenes
  • Martin Buber

A first book

Thus Spoke ZarathustraNietzsche

The question “Would you live this life again?” is this type's own question.

Similar types

  • PKTEThe Living Way

    Both enjoy change and trust the world. The Living Way lets the current carry them and smiles calmly, while the Unbound Affirmer throws a stone into the current and laughs at the ripples.

  • PKISThe Defiant Existentialist

    Both refuse to fit inside fixed rules and live by their own experience. Looking at the same sunset, the Defiant Existentialist says, “Beautiful. But it's work again tomorrow,” while the Unbound Affirmer says, “Beautiful, let's take a picture.”

Opposite type

LATSThe First Principle

All four axes on the opposite side.

At the end of all doubt stands a truth that cannot be shaken.

Personal GuideComing soon

  • Reading your axis scores: close calls, neighboring types
  • Handling your thinking habits: causes, ways of thinking to adopt, how to run a discussion
  • Relationships and work: getting along with each type, ways of working that suit you
  • A reading guide of nine books: three starting points, three that unsettle you, three next steps
  • The philosophers closest to you, with profiles of the top three

Find your type

Answer 40 questions about everyday situations to see where you stand on each axis and which type is closest to you.

Take the free test

Free · No sign-up · 40 questions (about 9 minutes)

All 16 types

Philosophy of OrderAT

  • LATSThe First Principle
  • LATEThe Architect of the IdealComing soon
  • PATSThe Sage in PracticeComing soon
  • PATEThe Keeper of BondsComing soon

Philosophy of TruthAI

  • LAISThe Dissector of TruthComing soon
  • LAIEThe Voyager to the SourceComing soon
  • PAISThe Liminal PilgrimComing soon
  • PAIEThe Witness of TranscendenceComing soon

Philosophy of HistoryKT

  • LKTSThe Systematic Critic
  • LKTEThe Architect of HistoryComing soon
  • PKTSThe LiberatorComing soon
  • PKTEThe Living WayComing soon

Philosophy of LiberationKI

  • LKISThe UnweaverComing soon
  • LKIEThe Conceptual AlchemistComing soon
  • PKISThe Defiant ExistentialistComing soon
  • PKIEThe Unbound Affirmer